Confirmation bias
Favoring evidence that supports your belief.
Fix: actively seek disconfirming evidence.
Availability heuristic
Judging likelihood by ease of recall.
Fix: check data/base rates when possible.
Anchoring
First number seen pulls your estimate.
Fix: make an independent estimate first.
Sunk cost fallacy
Continuing because you already invested.
Fix: decide using future costs/benefits only.
Survivorship bias
Learning only from winners.
Fix: include failures and missing data in the analysis.
Loss aversion
Losses feel larger than gains.
Fix: compare options using consistent, pre-set criteria.
Framing effect
Choices change when phrased differently.
Fix: reframe in neutral terms and compare.
Overconfidence bias
Overestimating accuracy.
Fix: use ranges and track calibration over time.
Dunning-Kruger effect
Low skill can inflate confidence.
Fix: seek feedback and objective benchmarks.
Hindsight bias
After the fact it feels inevitable.
Fix: write predictions before outcomes.
Planning fallacy
Underestimating time/cost.
Fix: use reference classes and add buffer.
Status quo bias
Preferring current state.
Fix: ask "Would I choose this if starting fresh?"
Endowment effect
Overvaluing what you own.
Fix: price it as if you did not own it.
Halo effect
One good trait colors all judgments.
Fix: rate traits independently.
Fundamental attribution error
Over-assigning behavior to character.
Fix: consider situational constraints first.
Self-serving bias
Success = me; failure = circumstance.
Fix: run blameless postmortems with data.
Negativity bias
Bad weighs more than good.
Fix: track positives explicitly to balance perception.
Recency bias
Recent events dominate.
Fix: look at longer time windows.
Present bias
Overvaluing now vs later.
Fix: pre-commit and reduce future friction.
Authority bias
Overweighting experts/leaders.
Fix: ask for reasoning and check independent sources.
Social proof
Following the crowd.
Fix: separate popularity from correctness; test directly.
In-group bias
Favoring your group.
Fix: use standardized criteria and diverse reviewers.
Outcome bias
Judging decisions by results alone.
Fix: evaluate decision quality given info at the time.
Illusion of control
Overestimating influence.
Fix: separate controllables from luck; focus on process.
Mere exposure effect
Familiar feels true/better.
Fix: deliberately compare alternatives on merits.